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    • NLX a k a F or

    2024-05-15

    NLX-112 (a.k.a. F13640 or befiradol), exhibits nanomolar affinity at 5-HT1A receptors, and, in Memantine hydrochloride synthesis to the 5-HT1A receptor agonists listed above, it presents exceptional selectivity and high efficacy at these receptors (Colpaert et al., 2002, Newman-Tancredi et al., 2017). Additionally, it has shown marked activity in a range of animal models of therapeutic potential, most notably depression, acute and chronic pain and, more recently, L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease (Bardin et al., 2003, Deseure et al., 2002, Deseure et al., 2004, Iderberg et al., 2015, Kiss et al., 2005, Salat et al., 2017, Wu et al., 2003). In the CNS, 5-HT1A receptors are highly expressed in the raphe nuclei, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the spinal cord, among other areas. The latter two CNS structures are of particular relevance in the etiology of depressive disorders and of painful conditions, respectively. In effect, a large body of evidence points towards a pivotal role of PFC 5-HT1A receptors in the control of depression (Albert et al., 2014, Celada et al., 2004, van Amsterdam and Seyfried, 2014). Similarly, activation of 5-HT1A receptors localized in the spinal cord promotes antinociceptive activity, as evidenced by experiments using models such as the tail-flick, the hot-plate or the Hargreave's tests (Jeong et al., 2012, Mjellem et al., 1992). In the context of the above observations, the present study investigated whether the analgesic and the antidepressant-like activities of systemically-administered NLX-112 can be reproduced by locally activating 5-HT1A receptors expressed in the spinal cord or the PFC, respectively. To that end, we first studied the effects of NLX-112 administered intrathecally (i.t.) to target lumbar spinal cord 5-HT1A receptors using the paw formalin model of tonic and inflammatory pain. In order to confirm that the activity of NLX-112 in this model is indeed due to engagement of 5-HT1A receptors, we conducted agonist/antagonist interaction studies, using the selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY100635. Secondly, we investigated if we could reproduce the antidepressant-like activity of systemic NLX-112 in the forced swim test (FST), by administering the compound locally (intracerebrally) in the PFC.
    Results
    Discussion The present data demonstrate that, in rats, the analgesic activity of NLX-112 in the paw formalin test can be obtained by activating 5-HT1A receptors localized in the spinal cord, whereas its antidepressant-like activity in the FST can be observed following activation of 5-HT1A receptors in the PFC. These two CNS regions have been consistently implicated in the control of pain (for the former) and depressive states (for the latter) (Albert et al., 2014, Celada et al., 2013, Daval et al., 1987, Perrin et al., 2011).
    Experimental procedure
    Introduction Many G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) form homo- and/or heterooligomers, which may differ in pharmacological and biochemical profiles, including ligand binding affinity, G-protein coupling, and receptor trafficking and desensitization, compared to monomers. Therefore, they are considered potential targets for new therapies (Devi, 2001, Milligan, 2004, Fribourg et al., 2011, González-Maeso, 2011). In this context, the recently described heteromerization of serotonin 5-HT1A and dopamine D2 receptors in HEK293 cells (Łukasiewicz et al., 2016) is of significant importance. Additionally, 5-HT1A constitutively forms homooligomeric units (Łukasiewicz et al., 2007, Kobe et al., 2008) and may form heterodimers with several other GPCRs: 5-HT1B, D1, GABR2, GPR26, S1PR1, S1PR3 (Salim et al., 2002), μ-opioid receptors (Cussac et al., 2012), and 5-HT7 receptors (Renner et al., 2012). Moreover, dopamine D2 receptors may form heteromers with dopamine D1 receptors (Lee et al., 2004, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska et al., 2006, Rashid et al., 2007, Rico et al., 2016), dopamine D3 receptors (Scarselli et al., 2001), dopamine D4 receptors (Borroto-Escuela et al., 2011), dopamine D5 receptors (So et al., 2009), somatostatin SST2 receptor (Baragli et al., 2007), somatostatin SST5 receptor (Rocheville et al., 2000, Szafran-Pilch et al., 2017), adenosine A2 receptors (Dasgupta et al., 1996, Hillion et al., 2002, Albizu et al., 2011), and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors (Łukasiewicz et al., 2010).